Mitanin Programme-Optimising the Community Level Initiatives
Departmne of Health and Family Welfare
India

The Problem

'Mitanin scheme'- a community based health programme which began as a small community level intervention in Chattisgarh has become a model and path over scheme for the entire country today. The Scheme has undergone major expansion during the last 3 years with massive coverage of more than 60000 Mitanin or Female voluntary workers in every hamlet, nook and corner of the state. This Scheme has grown to such a level that it got adopted as the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) scheme under the much ambitious 'National Rural Health mission launched by Government of India' for a turn around of the health sector in the country. This scheme has contributed towards the historic reduction of Infant mortality rate in this new state which now stands at par with the national average -from a grueling 95 per thousand live births in 2002 to 61 per thousand live births as per SRS data GoI, hence I strongly recommend the department of Health and family welfare for UN Public service award2007 for this pioneering and successful initiative.

Solution and Key Benefits

 What is the initiative about? (the solution)
Poor health education and the prevailing cultural practices of those living in rural areas of Chattisgarh led to high levels of disease and a low use of health services. The community needed to be encouraged to address its own health needs by requesting and taking part in health programmes as well as using the health services already on offer. The Mitanin programme is the latest in a long series of approaches to government conducted community health volunteer programmes. In parallel to the ups and downs of community health volunteer schemes in the government sector the community health worker schemes have played an important role in health action by civil society. The Mitanin programme is essentially an attempt to scale up the community health worker experience to the macro –scale of a full state.

The initial programme was launched in May 2002 and subsequently the selection and deployment of Mitanins was initiated in two phases: 81 development blocks are covered including 16 pilot blocks under Phase-1 of the programme (launched between September and December 2002). The programme was expanded to the remaining 65 blocks of the state during Phase-2 (launched in December 2003). The initial estimate was to have 54,000 Mitanins in the state. Gradually, the total number of Mitanin selected has reached 60,092 (around 32,000 in phase-1 and about 28,000 in phase-2). Of these, 55,830 have now had various levels of training and training for the rest is to be initiated soon. Of the 55,830, more than 29,101 have completed 15 days of training (5 rounds) and another 24,275 have nearly completed 8 days of training (3 rounds). About 20,000 Mitanins from Phase-1 have started to provide first contact care using Mitanin Dawapeti (drug kit) and the remaining Mitanins will be provided with this after achieving the appropriate training level.
(i))70 per cent of Mitanins are visiting every single newborn family on the first day of childbirth
and delivering a package of health messages/practices to the new parents.
(ii) About 60 per cent of Mitanins meet every pregnant woman's family in the last month of pregnancy to ensure the birth is planned for and Antenatal Care is completed. However institutional delivery is being contrained by supply side problems.
(iii) Children with diarrhoea and fever are being visited and many being referred.
(iv) More than 75 per cent of Mitanins are taking part in Immunisation Days, bringing new children and women to be vaccinated.
(v) More than 60 per cent of practicing Mitanins are delivering appropriate counselling to mothers with malnourished children and carrying out home visits.
(vi) Some Mitanins are delivering Directly Observed Treatment Short courses (DOTS) for TB patients (about 15 per cent).
(vii) About 48 per cent of Mitanins are holding hamlet level health meetings.

Actors and Stakeholders

 Who proposed the solution, who implemented it and who were the stakeholders?
Pilot phase of 18 months (for the selection and first round training of 30,000 Mitanins).
It is planned as a 60-month programme – 18 months to select, train and deploy the Mitanin, followed by 44 months of support in the community.

(a) Strategies

 Describe how and when the initiative was implemented by answering these questions
 a.      What were the strategies used to implement the initiative? In no more than 500 words, provide a summary of the main objectives and strategies of the initiative, how they were established and by whom.
The Mitanin programme was announced as far back as November 2001. To the day it is three years now. However work on selection of Mitanins in 14 pilot blocks (community development blocks) started only in May 2002. Even then the basic training materials were not yet ready and the programme took off only by November 2002. In real terms therefore this first systematic assessment of the programme is two years old. In January of the year 2003 the programme was expanded to 80 blocks – including the pilot 14 blocks. Then in January of the year 2004 the programme was again expanded – now to cover the entire state.

The programme design originally mooted by the government in 2001 was put up to a critical discussion in participatory workshop in January 2002, where a wide range of social activists with experience in health issues participated. At the end of three days of discussion that sometimes grew stormy and threatened to break off not only was the contours of the Mitanin programme redefined but the agenda was expanded into one of a strengthening the public health system of which the Mitanin programme now became a component. To the credit of both civil society groups and the government there was an attempt to reach out from settled positions on either side and find a mutually acceptable way forward.

The political mandate of the day however required negotiating. Its mandate was characterized by considerable urgency in meeting the final output goals of a health worker in every hamlet. The delaine was set at two months- what we have now finally taken 3 years to reach.
The final shape that the programme design and the blistering pace of the programme was the resultant of this negotiation between the “January 2002 design” and the political urgencies/compulsions of the day. This interaction continues to shape the programme even up to the present and is likely to define it in the coming period also. The highlights of this approach are:-
• Launched as result of a process of state-civil society consultation.
• Placed at demand side to point out/fill in supply side gaps
• Not to replace public health systems, but to strengthen them
• The Programme is built up on camp based training followed by on the job training and supportive supervision on an enabling environment
• Ongoing Course correction measures as a consolidated response to field level issues
• Innovative institutional mechanism: SHRC- Bridging state and civil society
• Probably the large scale CHW programme after the Chinese BFD initiatives
• Was instrumental in design of ASHA Scheme under NRHM

(b) Implementation

 b.      What were the key development and implementation steps and the chronology? No more than 500 words
• Improve awareness of health and spread health education
• Improve utilization of existing public health care services and advocacy for equitable access and its effectiveness
• Provide local measures of immediate relief to health problems of weaker sections of society- curative and preventive
• Organize community ,especially women and weaker sections on health and health related issues
• Sensitize Panchayat (the local self-governing institutions) and build up its capabilities in planning and imparting health- placing health on Panchayat’s agenda.
• Mitanin are expected to involve actively on :
– Day 1 Visit on Child birth and delivering essential neonatal care messages
– Planning for the expected deliveries and facilitate for proper ANCs; Prompt referral for complications and inst. delivery
– Regular Health Education, awareness and initiatives for health entitlements through women's groups: 75 messages
– Identification of malnourished children- refer the severe cases and counseling for common cases
– Mobilize community for public health services- find out gaps and help the health worker to fill them
– Early detection, first contact care and referral- focus on common but critical illnesses-fever, cough-colds, diarrhea
– To act as community interfaces for health & related programmes- national health programmes, epidemic control, education, food security, watsan etc.
– To lead the hamlet level initiatives under Panchayat Health Planning & health related development.

(c) Overcoming Obstacles

 c.      What were the main obstacles encountered? How were they overcome? No more than 500 words
The Mitanin programme is made up of seven key steps or processes.

1. Building up an understanding of the programme at state, district and block level and building up state civil society partnerships to implement the programme at the state, district and block level.
2. Facilitated selection of the Mitanin by the community & Building understanding of the programme at the village level : The facilitator that after the all the families of the habitation are adequately informed and interesed in this programme they sit together and select the Mitanin. As part of this a team of carefully selected and trained facilitators with a known public service record, visit the villages and interact with local communities to help the community identify a woman in each hamlet who is willing to be trained and function as the Mitanin on a voluntary basis and has the family support to do so. The accompanying media campaign and kalajathas ensure that many women volunteer for becming Mitanins. They also identify and build up a group of active women who would support her. Special emphasis is paid to involving the panchayat and its health committee in this task and the panchayat officially and in writing endoreses the Mitanin selected..
3. Training Mitanins on Child health so that they can :
a. Ensure that child health components of the ANM and ICDS programme reach the children ( done in coordination with the health dept and the ICDS programme)
b. Identify children( below five years at risk) by weight for age measurements as well as all children in the first year and counsel and support mothers of such children to prevent infections and optimise feeding practices.
c. Ensuring that all families with children below three are visited on the day of child brith, on the first day of a diarrhoea, ARI or fever and appropriate advice given.

4. Training Mitanins on Womens health:
a. Help women especially adolescent girls understand the causes and determinants of womens health problems
b. Ensure that government programmes to train dais, and to provide care in pregnancy are effective and accessible to the public.
c. Ensure that there is a capacity to identify commons womens health problems and provide relief for them

5. Training Mitanins to organise community initiatives for the control of Communicable disease in coordination with the health department.
6. Training Mitanins to maintain and use a simple medical kit ,supplemented by home and herbal remedies, to provide care for minor illness and first aid.

7. Training Mitanins to help the local women health committee maintain a basic village health register that acts as an instrument for programme monitoring and local health planning.

8. Local capacity building and local planning : the womens health committee, the elected panchayat members , the panchayat health sub committee and other interested persons would develop an understanding of health and health care services by participation in the above programmes as well as special training camps organised for this purpose.

(d) Use of Resources

 d.      What resources were used for the initiative and what were its key benefits? In no more than 500 words, specify what were the financial, technical and human resources’ costs associated with this initiative. Describe how resources were mobilized
• The Rural IMR as per the SRS 2006 (data of 2004 where almost) shows a positive decreasing trend- even better than the national. To further this through continuing efforts.
• The NFHS-3 presents an equally encouraging scene.
• The UNICEF External Evaluation done by MODE shows much a better position in a number of health seeking and health related behaviors at community level.
• The DLHS (district level household survey) on various indicators related to reproductive child health behaviours also gives a bright picture.
The various programme outcomes are listed in the table below:



Encouraging trends have been observed in the state as evident from external evaluation NFHS-3 data
· The percentage of mothers who are covered with IFA tablets for 90 days or more when they are pregnant with the last child has improved to 21.8
· The percentage of mothers who received Post natal care from a doctor /nurse /LHV /ANM with health personnel within 2 days of delivery from the last birth has improved to 25.3
· The percentage children 12-23 months infants fully immunized has risen from 21.8 to 48.7
· Percentage of children with Diarrhea in last 2 wks who received ORS has increased from 29.7 to 42
· Percentage of children 0-5 months exclusively breast feed has improved to 82
· Percentage of children 6-35 months who have anemia has reduced from 87.7 to 81.0

Sustainability and Transferability

  Is the initiative sustainable and transferable?
The programme enjoys political support at the highest level, since this is a state-sponsored scheme..Mitanin scheme of community level based health what began as a small community level project has become a model and path over scheme for the entire country. The State government has earmarked money to Support the Mukhya Mantri Dava Peti scheme on an annual basis. The Scheme has undergone major expansion during the last 3 years to massive coverage of more than 60000 Mitanin or voluntary services in every hamlet, nook and corner of the state. The Mitanin Scheme has grown to such a level that it got adopted as the ASHA ( accredited Social Health Activist ) scheme under the much ambitious National Rural Health mission launched by Government of India.Support has been assured till 2012.

Lessons Learned

 What are the impact of your initiative and the lessons learned?
The lessons learned can be summarized as below:
1. The Scheme extends healthcare by effectively increasing outreach of all existing programmes by overcoming demand constraints.
2. As the Mitanin come from the communities they serve they are more committed to their jobs. The proof is a less than 5 per cent drop out rate.
3. Good quality training materials in local language and development of an innovative intuition -State Health Resource Centre which is autonomous and outside the government to guide and support this programme has been critical to the success of this programme.
4. Reforms, which require an increase on the supply side often, fail to keep pace with demand, which can lead to unfulfilled expectations. In particular, Mitanins need regular drugs refills and constant support in the form of contact programmes etc.
5. Perhaps this initiative is an answer to the day-to-day problems faced in the rural parts of Chhattisgarh- with scarcity of medical officers and health personnel

Contact Information

Institution Name:   Departmne of Health and Family Welfare
Institution Type:   Government Department  
Contact Person:   Babulal Agrawal
Title:   Secretary  
Telephone/ Fax:   91-771-2221164
Institution's / Project's Website:   91-771-4080285
E-mail:   bl_agr@yahoo.com  
Address:   164,DKS Bhavan,Mantrlay
Postal Code:   492001
City:   Raipur
State/Province:   Chhattisgarh
Country:   India

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