IMIHIGO
Ministry of Local Governments, Community Development and Social Affairs
Rwanda

The Problem

Imihigo is a Rwandan tradition initiative that was recapped by the local governments as one of the traditional heroic practice to address a problem of performance management in the decentralised entities of Rwanda. It should be explained that Imihigo means challenging oneself. It is the public visioning of what you intend to do, to achieve, to realise in your personal life or in your professional function. Doing Imihigo, again in the days before colonisation, meant that you committed yourself to objectives and that you would strive to achieve them because not achieving those objectives would cause you dishonour. Imihigo was practiced as a way to set objectives and maintain incentives among the people. At the time of the Mwami (King), doing Imihigo and not achieving the objectives could lead people to commit suicide rather than suffer dishonour. The present government by asking the Districts and Sectors to do Imihigo is enabling the people and the District leaders to work together in the pursuit of common goals that they establish themselves. The competition among units that this exercise represents also leads to beneficial results.

The Imihigo came up in the local government officials’ retreat on decentralised management and service delivery which was held shortly after administrative and local government reform and elections of 2006. At the closing of the retreat presided over by the President of the Republic of Rwanda, in his remarks following the presentation of the participants, urged the local government officials to commit themselves more than rhetoric words, which subsequently led to the Imihigo initiative.

Before this initiative, managers and other stakeholders in local governments would work tirelessly day and night but at the end of it all there were no tangible results realised because they were doing a lot at the same time without a well established plan of action, with no or limited people ownership and commitment. With no common goal there was no focus or priority set of objectives, nor were there serious dialogue on key community problems and concerns

Local government officials were engaged in doing and doing! Monitoring and evaluation of activities was a concept unheard of. In other words, implementation was without reflection of what has resulted from a particular activity and the impact it has had to the beneficiaries.

Local government officials were entangled in administrative issues. They would spend a big percentage of their time (85%) listening and dealing with the problems and concerns of the community. This hindered the officials from planning and implementing developmental activities and leaving the local governments and their people in continuous and life long poverty. More to that even where they had district development plans for five years they remained smart on paper and in shelves, even the district officials did not know what is in those plans leave alone translating them into annual plans.

Solution and Key Benefits

 What is the initiative about? (the solution)
With the introduction of this initiative, local government officials made clear in their annual action plan the needs of the district according to their priority. This helped these officials to have a common understanding of the district’s goals, mission and targets and subsequently leading to ownership of district’s programs which made the implementation thereof easier. In line with this, local government officials developed a team spirit and through this approach, they formed task groups which specific assignments.

Another important benefit is that the central government through its ministries started to decentralise resources especially financial resources and they help local government to plan, monitor and evaluate programs

There has been a tremendous change in service delivery as a result of the imihigo intiative. With this, the services rendered to the citizens are of quality and faster. In addition, distances that were made by citizens to get a particular service have also tremendously reduced due to the fact that the citizens now have confidence in lower decentralised entities that they can attend to their needs, in other words these entities became functional.

Monitoring and evaluation has formed the backbone of this initiative. By this all stakeholders in the district are able to assess together not only the impact of various programs but also the progress thereof and find solutions where necessary and also pick lessons as they go along.

The ownership of districts’ programs is not only to the local government officials but also to the community. They participate in the planning process and do pledge to the leadership of their contribution, added up to form the District Imihigo which the District Mayor publicly pledge before His Excellence the President of the Republic, cabinet ministers, parliament and after which sign with the President of the Republic as a sign of commitment to deliver.

The performance and service delivery In local governments of Rwanda has tremendously improved and the communities are highly impressed with the results so far.

Actors and Stakeholders

 Who proposed the solution, who implemented it and who were the stakeholders?
The idea of Imihigo was initiated during the Local Government officials’ retreat on decentralised management and service delivery retreat that took place from 9th- 12th March 2006.

The idea was further developed, structured and institutionalised by the Ministry in charge of Local governments after thorough consultations with Local Governments, the presidency and sectoral ministries.

Local governments in the whole country since then started implementing the initiative by designing annual action plans, based on own set targets and objectives complimented by national and international objectives like vision 2020 and Millennium Development Goals which stipulated their line of implementing different programs of the districts and it was presented to the president.

The key stakeholders are local communities, civil society, local entrepreneurs, government agencies, Donor agencies with the Ministry of Local Governments, Good governance Community Development and Social Affairs coordinating the required efforts at the national level.

(a) Strategies

 Describe how and when the initiative was implemented by answering these questions
 a.      What were the strategies used to implement the initiative? In no more than 500 words, provide a summary of the main objectives and strategies of the initiative, how they were established and by whom.
There were various strategies amongst which are the following:
The Ministry of Local governments, Good governance, Community Development and Social Affairs developed guides to create common understanding and uniform implementation in all Local Governments. It also developed a reporting framework to enable Local Governments.

The Local Governments’ leadership made awareness and sensitisation sessions for district staff to embrace and own the new idea (initiative) and hence get involved and participate in the planning and implementation of the initiative.

The districts devised another strategy of making Imihigo at all levels which specified their targets and it was a way to mobilise the population for local action and also to increase the binding of all the local governments to harmonised objectives. The village present Imihigo to cells, cells to sectors, sectors to districts and districts to the President of the Republic before the cabinet, parliament and general public.

Another strategy was to prepare an annual action plan and present it to the President of the Republic. This helped to mobilise more financial resources from the central government.

District officials started communication campaigns to explain the key priorities and the targets that the districts engaged themselves to do and are committed to.

Another strategy is where the districts identify a set of clear priorities, targets, measurable performance indicators and monitoring and evaluation mechanism as well as an efficient accountability mechanism which would help them to clearly track their progress.

The introduction of Joint Action Development Forum was another important strategy of implementing Imihigo which brings on board all stakeholders to be active partners in the implementation of district programs. This includes civil society, development partners, local and international NGOs that work in the district, community and faith based organisations and entrepreneurs. The main objective of this forum is to harmonise both efforts and resources for the development of the district.

(b) Implementation

 b.      What were the key development and implementation steps and the chronology? No more than 500 words
The key developments in their chronological order are as follows.
• Setting of benchmarks which include setting of priorities, targets and their performance indicators and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
• Signing of imihigo between the president and the district mayors.
• Signing of imihigo between the districts and sectors and cells
• Soliciting population for local action
• Mobilisation of partnership in order to get both technical and financial support.

(c) Overcoming Obstacles

 c.      What were the main obstacles encountered? How were they overcome? No more than 500 words
This was not a new concept in the Rwandan rituals and tradition but it met a challenge of resistance for various reasons;
• Decentralisation at this stage and Imihigo meant devolving power, a difficult task for sectoral ministries especially with regard to funds.
• Most donors and development partners were used to funding and implementing programs of their choice, convincing them to harmonise and combine efforts with the districts by funding activities in the district’s action plan was not easy
• To the local government officials as well , it was not easy too, as it required them to perform and show results which meant changing their methods of work and devoting more energy in implementing and achieving the set targets.
• Another big obstacle was lack of baseline data..
• It was difficult to literally translate the term Imihigo to English or even French, it was then called performance contracts and this created confusion and misinterpretation of the initiative especially among donor communities.

In the evaluation report and presentation, the districts would indicate the ministries and donors that help them to achieve their targets and clearing stating the kind of support that was given.

The impressive results have motivated development partners to support local governments. This in turn motivated local government officials to make more strides, as their efforts were being rewarded.

The absence of baseline data was overcome by verification visits and the introduction of Joint action development forums which made available a reliable set of data, which in turn improved the Imihigo planning process.

(d) Use of Resources

 d.      What resources were used for the initiative and what were its key benefits? In no more than 500 words, specify what were the financial, technical and human resources’ costs associated with this initiative. Describe how resources were mobilized
The Local Governments own revenues generated from taxes and fees complimented resources mobilised from central government including conditional and unconditional grants enabled Local governments to implement Imihigo.

Local government officials also requested their donors and development partners to finance activities in their action plan.

With the introduction of Joint action development forum different institutions also starting supporting the implementation of local government programs.

Sustainability and Transferability

  Is the initiative sustainable and transferable?
Yes the initiative is sustainable because it has been embraced by all the stakeholders especially local communities.

The initiative has been replicated at the lowest decentralised entities like the sector, cell and the neighbourhood (umudugudu) and in various institutions like schools and in the public service hence popularly used.

Lessons Learned

 What are the impact of your initiative and the lessons learned?
There various lessons learned and among them are:
• Some of the traditional practices if well selected and integrated into modern practise can produce good and quick results as common people tend to learn and embrace the faster.
• Coordination of efforts and resources can yield more results than working separately.
• Sharing and having a common understanding of goals, missions and targets results into ownership of programs and thus makes it easy to implement and sustain programs. It also promote transparency and accountability in local governments
• Achievements and results can be an inspiration and a motivator to all stakeholders
• Clear planning , monitoring and evaluation makes implementation of programs easier and faster
• Mobilisation of resources becomes easier when the results are tangible and evident.

Contact Information

Institution Name:   Ministry of Local Governments, Community Development and Social Affairs
Institution Type:   Government Agency  
Contact Person:   PROTAIS MUSONI
Title:   MINISTER  
Telephone/ Fax:   +250-583595
Institution's / Project's Website:   +250-582227
E-mail:   pmusoni@gov.rw  
Address:  
Postal Code:   B.P 3445 KIGALI
City:   KIGALI
State/Province:   KIGALI CITY
Country:   Rwanda

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