Singapore Urban Transport Solution
Land Transport Authority
Singapore

The Problem

"If public transport is a religion, Singapore must be a holy place."

- Mr. Hans Rat, Secretary General of the International Association of Public Transport

Shortly after Singapore’s independence in 1965, Singapore built low cost public housing and developed self-contained “satellite” towns away from the city. The people residing in these suburban residential estates would be self-contained, but it was also expected that many people would have to commute from these estates to their jobs scattered all over Singapore.

Initially, these towns were linked to the cities and other parts of Singapore by ordinary roads. As affluence grew and more people drove, much higher capacity roads were needed and these gave birth to the expressway network. These expressways are part of Singapore’s integrated land use and transport planning strategy, connecting satellite towns to industrial areas, the city centre and transport nodes like the ports and airports.

Since the 1980s, the demand for transport in Singapore has been explosive. We have become a more mobile and physically dispersed society. The number of vehicular trips grew annually by 7%, from 2.7 million trips in 1981 to about 7 million trips a day in 1995. We can expect 10 million trips per day by 2010. The increase is not surprising, given rising levels of income, educational attainment, changes in lifestyle and other demographic and social developments.

In the same period, we increased our road network by 27% while the car population grew faster at 45%. Roads constitute 12% of the island’s area, about the same percentage as housing. At this rate, 16% of the island will be used for roads by 2010. We cannot continue building more roads to accommodate new cars, given our limited land area of 700 square kilometers supporting a growing population of 4.6 million. Singapore is already the world’s second highest densely populated nation after Monaco. It is clearly not tenable to rely on roads expansion to solve all our transport needs.

The transport system for Singapore in the 21st century has to meet not only the increased demand for transport, but also rising expectations for quality transport. In 1980, barely 5% of the primary one cohort entered local universities. By 1994, it was 20% and it is still rising. Eventually, 60% of each cohort will be tertiary-educated. These young professionals aspire to own cars. They will settle for nothing less than a public transport system offering service standards comparable to private transport. Our challenge is to provide enough high quality transport alternatives to satisfy them.

To address the above concerns, the Government set up the Land Transport Authority (LTA) in September 1995 to spearhead improvements to our land transport system. The LTA’s vision is to provide Singaporeans with a world class land transport system. For Singapore to realise its aspiration to be a thriving global city, its transport infrastructure is critical. A high standard of transport enhances the quality of life, is good for economic growth and helps to achieve national competitive advantage.

Solution and Key Benefits

 What is the initiative about? (the solution)
The 1996 White Paper on a World Class Land Transport System encapsulated our vision to build a land transport system that would meet the needs and demands of a dynamic and growing city. Four key strategies were identified to realise this vision:

• Integrating transport and land use planning
• Expanding the road network and maximising its capacity
• Managing demand of road usage
• Providing quality public transport choices

These strategies have resulted in the following benefits.

Improving Connectivity

Land Transport is more than getting from one point to another. It is about connecting Singaporeans in the most accessible, comfortable way possible. Land Transport is also a conduit of economic progress. Singapore has one of the shortest door-to-door journey time of 36.8 minutes as compared to Tokyo (43mins), Hong Kong (39mins) and London (38mins).

Provide More Transport Choices

A world class transport system means having a world class public transport system. Public transport is and will always be a major mode of transport. We have a comprehensive range of public transport services and these include:

• MRT to serve heavy transit corridors;
• LRT systems to serve as feeder to the MRT network;
• Buses to serve the less heavy corridors to complement MRT-LRT network;
• Premier bus services to provide higher grade of bus service; and
• Taxis to provide door-to-door services.

Improving Travel Speed

Since 2004, more than 95% of our expressways and arterial roads have been congestion-free during peak hours. Singapore ranked top with 24.8km/h traffic speed during the morning peak in the Central Business District Area compared with Hong Kong (21.8km/h), London (18.3km/h), New York (11.3km/h) and Tokyo (17.5km/h).

Enhancing Road Safety

For our road transport system, we have achieved an average of 85% satisfaction with road quality, road safety, efficient road network, quality of pedestrian facilities and smooth operation of traffic systems. Road Safety enhancement includes a Black Spot Programme which has reduced accidents on expressways by 90% and road junctions by 66%.

Improving Customer Satisfaction

Customer satisfaction surveys conducted from 2000 to 2007 have shown an upward trend in the overall satisfaction with the land transport system, with 83.9% of respondents surveyed in 2007 satisfied with Singapore’s land transport system. Customer satisfaction levels with LTA services have also consistently increased over the last 5 years to 93.4% satisfaction level in 2007.

International Ranking

Singapore was ranked as one of the top 3 cities (amongst Vienna and Helsinki), as having the most striking success in providing an efficient and enjoyable public transport system in the 2006 “Mobility in Cities” survey conducted by the International Association of Public Transport (UITP).

For the past 3 years, IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) has ranked Singapore’s road and railroad infrastructure 2nd in the world. The WCY analyses and ranks the ability of nations to create and maintain an environment that sustains the competitiveness of enterprises. It relies strongly on hard statistical data and is therefore more than just a survey or an opinion poll.

Actors and Stakeholders

 Who proposed the solution, who implemented it and who were the stakeholders?
The Land Transport Authority (LTA) was established in 1995 to spearhead improvements to our land transport system. It was formed by merging the Land Transport Division of the then Ministry of Communications, the Roads & Transportation Division of the Public Works Department, the Registry of Vehicles and the Mass Rapid Transit Corporation. The formation of LTA allowed us to better integrate the functions of planning, development, implementation and management of all transport infrastructure and policies.

Together with our parent Ministry, the Ministry of Transport, LTA drives the development of our land transport system. We also recognise that we cannot achieve a world class land transport system on our own. We have to work with many other agencies which share the objective of improving the infrastructure and quality of life in Singapore.

We consulted our partners and stakeholders before setting out our mission, vision and plans in our White Paper. Throughout the past 13 years, our stakeholders such as public transport companies, bus and taxi drivers, public transport commuters and motorists all play a role in the building of our world class land transport system. We hold dialogue sessions and focus group discussions to engage our stakeholders and take in their suggestions for further review. We also engage our community through community events, publications, exhibitions, site visits and road shows to keep them updated of developments and to seek feedback.

With the support from other government agencies, LTA maps out Singapore’s long term development plan for land transport infrastructure. We then proceed to conduct planning and feasibility studies on the rail and road networks.

To achieve a world class public transport system, we need to provide convenience, reliability, ease of use, comfort, affordability and competitive travel times. LTA role is to ensure that our public transport operators continually improve their services and are more responsive to the changing needs and demands of commuters. To ensure that public transport commuters enjoy high service quality, we set service standards that the operators have to meet.

(a) Strategies

 Describe how and when the initiative was implemented by answering these questions
 a.      What were the strategies used to implement the initiative? In no more than 500 words, provide a summary of the main objectives and strategies of the initiative, how they were established and by whom.
A world class land transport system would take 10 to 15 years to realise many short and medium term initiatives to improve current systems.

The key strategies used are:

Integrating land use, town and transport planning

Working closely with the Urban Redevelopment Authority, LTA integrated transport planning with urban development plans. Having a proper mix of developments and the highest building densities concentrated at and around Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations ensure maximum accessibility for commuters to key nodes of employment, housing, leisure and other social activities.

Developing a comprehensive road network

To make the best use of our limited land space to meet recreational, residential and business needs, we embarked on underground development for our major road expansion programmes. One such initiative is the 12km Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE), which is the longest underground expressway in Southeast Asia. The KPE is also the most complex expressway project in Singapore to-date. The project literally had to move a river and a canal, and weaved KPE through densely built-up residential neighbourhoods, while minimising inconvenience to the public.

Harnessing technology to improve customer service

LTA employed technology to maximise the capacity of our roads by upgrading and installing intelligent traffic management systems and offering new e-Services for online transactions and enquiry services - any time, any where through multiple channels. Many improvements had been realised over the last few years as computer, telecommunications and information technologies continue to advance rapidly and become more affordable.

Demand management

LTA adopts a judicious mix of ownership and usage measures. Our vehicle ownership measures include Certificate of Entitlement, Road Tax and Additional Registration Fee. Usage measures like Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) and petrol duty allows us to charge motorists for the use of their vehicle, and allows us to shift from ownership towards usage-based charges.

Improving public transport

Providing an efficient public transport system is still the cornerstone of our land transport strategy. Making public transport a choice mode is a key objective. For bus services, several schemes were considered to improve travel times such as bus priority schemes, express bus services and improved commuter facilities including bus arrival times over the Internet and mobile devices.

LTA also worked closely with the public transport operators to improve customer service. Bus operators were encouraged to improve operational efficiency through the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) for bus scheduling and fleet management. Meanwhile, the MRT network would serve heavy traffic corridors and taxis would offer personalised service at the high end of public transport.

Road safety and air quality

Close collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and the Traffic Police had been instrumental in keeping Singapore’s roads safe and the air clean. Regular reviews of vehicle standards, public education and enforcement programmes were conducted. In addition, LTA initiated measures to alleviate noise and air pollution.

(b) Implementation

 b.      What were the key development and implementation steps and the chronology? No more than 500 words
Supporting the strategies for the initiative were a number of systems developed harnessing the use of technology and engineering know-how. The key systems cover a wide range of services:

Comprehensive Road and Rail Network

Between 1996 to 2007, a total of 758 lane-km was added to our road network, bringing our road capacity to 8,650 lane-km today, an increase of 10% from 1996.

The rail network also expanded from 67km in 1995 to 138km in 2008, and would be further expanded to 278km by 2020. This aggressive expansion of road and rail network has increased transport connectivity across the island.

Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)

LTA launched the world’s first Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system in 1998 which has since become a global benchmark for urban traffic management in many countries. ERP is an electronic system of road pricing based on a pay-as-you-use principle and motorists are charged when they use congested road during peak hours. 23% of daily vehicular trips are made during this period where traffic flow is kept moving at 45km/h to 65km/h.

Intelligent Transport System (ITS)

LTA deploys ITS which uses a series of technologies to link motorists, their vehicles and roadside infrastructures together. The technology draws on several disciplines, including infocomm technology, transport engineering, automotive engineering, and computer science. This allows the LTA operators in its Operations Control Centre to effectively monitor and manage traffic, improve road safety and influence drivers’ behaviours through the tweaking of its traffic systems, the provision of advisory traffic information, and the activation of recovery crews when necessary. For example, an incident on the expressway is cleared within 12 minutes to minimise traffic built-up.

Transport e-Services Portals

Since 2000, a number of services can be transacted with LTA through online portals which provide comprehensive information for online licensing application, payment and enquiry services by both individuals and businesses. These include the ONE.MOTORING Portal for all vehicle-related transactions and the LTA.PROMPT for road development projects. Collectively, these portals generate more than 15 million page-views per month and 6.5 million of transactions processed monthly.

Enhanced Integrated Fare System (EIFS)

Launched in March 2003, this system introduces a new generation stored-value Contactless Smart Card. EIFS is the first in the world to be used simultaneously on both the bus and railway systems. With just a tap, commuters can pay for transit and non-transit items such as library services, purchases at fast-food joints like MacDonalds and convenience stores. The card has provided added convenience and flexibility for micro-payments.

Total Land Transport Safety Management System

In the course of building complex land transport infrastructure, LTA has amassed a wealth of information pertaining to soil structures surrounding our projects. The information forms part of the Total Safety Management process to manage safety risks of projects across all construction phases. The close monitoring of mitigation measures have contributed to a high level of safety performance at worksites for which LTA was honoured with the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accident Award (Silver) 2008.

(c) Overcoming Obstacles

 c.      What were the main obstacles encountered? How were they overcome? No more than 500 words
Ensuring Affordable Fares

Our aim is for public transport fares to be affordable to the majority of Singaporeans, but we often hear public calls for Government to subsidise fares. Whatever the financing arrangement, the burden is ultimately borne by the commuters. The issue is: which system can best encourage fiscal prudence, financial discipline and efficient operations?

LTA’s financing policy is based on the concept of partnership, where the Government funds and provides the transport infrastructure while commuters pay for the operating cost. This would better manage the ‘dependency mentality’ of commuters while preventing mismanagement and wastage of resources.

Our annual fare adjustment is based on a formula that takes into consideration the Consumer Price Index, Wage Index and a productivity extraction based on sharing of productivity gains achieved by public transport operators. This formula provides operators a reasonable return and yet, protects commuters against excessive price hikes. The average public transport fare in Singapore is US$0.51. It is the lowest compared to other cities like New York (US$0.65), Tokyo (US$0.73), Hong Kong (US$0.84) and London (US$0.94). Yet, our public transport operators are able to achieve the highest operating returns.

Managing Public Expectations

Land Transport is a matter that affects everyone. LTA needs to address the mobility needs of a wide spectrum of users, catering to diverse needs while adapting to changing social and economic environments. Over and above these expectations, LTA has to be prudent with public funds for investment in transportation projects. Every project needs to be justified and reviewed by various government committees. Therefore, public awareness and expectations must be managed from the onset. This process involve extensive resources to engage, consult and collaborate with various stakeholders, including politicians, grassroots leaders, members of parliament, business associations, interest-group leaders, media and general public.

While providing professional expertise, LTA must strike a fine balance between meeting different needs of the public and implementing ‘unpopular’ policies that are vital to the well-being of the economy. This balancing act call for LTA to foster mutual accommodation and graciousness among the public transport commuters, motorists, cyclists and pedestrians to share road space; and ensure lower income Singaporeans have access to public transport, by providing targeted help to the needy through government assistance schemes.

Land Transport is central to our quest for a high quality and sustainable living environment, given its wide-ranging impact on air quality, energy consumption, noise pollution and our urban landscape. A number of studies have been initiated to review vehicle emission standards, energy efficiency and environmentally sustainable practices.

Lack of Transport Technology Standards

Transport technology is still in its early stage. Available market solutions are limited and incomplete with little to no industry standards.

Integration of the various Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is a major challenge. Data from these different ITS are often presented in different data formats and using different protocols and programming languages, resulting in system integration difficulties. However, the incorporation of real-time traffic information collected from various sources for traffic prediction can significantly optimise the road network.

(d) Use of Resources

 d.      What resources were used for the initiative and what were its key benefits? In no more than 500 words, specify what were the financial, technical and human resources’ costs associated with this initiative. Describe how resources were mobilized
In realising the numerous initiatives under the 1996 White Paper, the following resources were mobilised.

Source of Funding

Initiatives are funded by both the Government and commuters, where Government pays for building infrastructure like MRT tunnels, viaducts, stations and the first set of operating assets. Public transport fares cover the operating cost of the transport system, including the accumulation of reserves for subsequent asset replacement.

Over the past 13 years, US$14 billion has been invested in the development of Singapore’s land transport system. In addition, US$200 million is needed annually to operate and maintain the roads. Annual total public transport revenue of US$800 million keeps the public buses and trains in quality working condition with no operating subsidy from the Government.

“The Republic of Singapore has long had a reputation for innovative approaches to transport policy. Its Area Licensing Scheme, introduced in 1975, predated by over 20 years other schemes using road pricing to reduce congestion, and its rail and bus systems are among the few to operate without government subsidy.”

- Professor Tony May, Professor of Transport Engineering of University of Leeds


Human Resource

LTA employs over 3600 staff with mixed disciplines, of which 42% are degree holders and more than half are engineering professionals.

Business objectives cannot be met without employee engagement. LTA adopts a two-pronged approach: Management Strategy and Human Resource Strategy.

Both strategies employ multi-level employee involvement, starting from individual to the strategic level, in achieving new initiatives, corporate goals and objectives, teamwork, and fostering innovation. In addressing organisational challenges, LTA focuses on retaining and building a sustainable human capital base that meet future needs of the organisation such as recruitment, training, development, retention and succession planning. Employee satisfaction with total rewards (work-life practices, work environment, welfare provisions, remuneration and other benefits) and staff partnership are also part of LTA’s strategy in capability development.

Technical Resource

To manage and deliver a wide range of technical solutions, LTA established 3 technology masterplans – the ITS masterplan, Transport e-Services masterplan and the Engineering Systems masterplan. These masterplans are instrumental in providing the roadmap for developing solutions to optimise our operational efficiency in managing private transport, road safety, traffic management, design and engineering. Improvements are incorporated to include the management of public transport, overall land transport planning and broader scope of e-services to the customer, commuter and community.

Panel of Experts

LTA has also appointed an International Advisory Panel to advise on its transport policies and strategies. A six-member panel includes eminent and internationally recognised transport experts and practitioners from Australia, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, United States and the United Kingdom.

Similarly, the Engineering Advisory Panel comprising top overseas academic experts, from United Kingdom, Paris, Japan, was formed to give specialist advice pertaining to specific technical issues such as civil, structural, geotechnical, tunnelling, temporary works, design and construction.

LTA operates a number of national mission critical systems which are highly dependent on infocomm technology. These systems are reviewed independently by a committee headed by Defence Science Organisation where the national expertise in IT Security resides.

Through these panels, LTA taps the expertise and experience of external and local advisors for a wide range of complex policies, engineering and technology issues.

Sustainability and Transferability

  Is the initiative sustainable and transferable?
The management of urban transport problems is a critical issue occupying the agenda of many a city authority around the world. Over the last 30 years, Singapore has been a “Mecca” for government officials world-wide to look for innovative transport policy and technology solutions.

MSI Global

Many of our solutions and policies are sought after by other cities and land transport authorities. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, MSI Global Private Limited, LTA shares expertise in transport consultancy and development. For example, MSI Global was recently appointed the Project Manager—assisting Shanghai Shentong—of the Shanghai Metro Line 10, a 42 kilometres long metro with 34 stations. This metro will have fully automated features similar to the North-East Line in Singapore. MSI is also engaged in other projects overseas, such as the Dubai Metro and the Bangkok Transit System. A system of number plate bidding similar to Singapore's Certificate of Entitlement has also been introduced in Shanghai to control the ownership and use of private vehicles. Beijing is also considering a similar policy.

LTA Academy

To enhance and emphasize learning and knowledge sharing, and to harness Singapore’s expertise and resources on land transport, LTA established the LTA Academy in September 2006. The Academy builds its curriculum based on LTA’s in-house knowledge and experience, and combines this with best practices and hands-on learning opportunities.

To-date, the Academy has developed more than 100 courses for more than 5,000 overseas government officials and professionals from 70 countries, mainly to share our rich expertise and experience in urban transport development including Intelligent Transport System.

International Events

Recently, we have also organised 3 major international events - the 9th Intelligent Transport Systems Asia-Pacific (ITSAP) Forum & Exhibition 2008, the inaugural World Urban Transport Leaders Summit 2008 (WUTLS) and the inaugural World Roads Conference 2006.

Researchers, experts and professionals, government officials, and policy makers from around the world gathered at ITSAP to present, discuss and exchange experiences on recent developments in the fast-pace ITS industry. Singapore’s achievements in ITS technology were also showcased at the event.

The WUTLS and World Roads Conference serve as a platform for senior government officials, leading professionals, renowned international experts and academics to share and exchange views on urban transport policies and strategies. Through such activities, LTA aims to share our experience and exchange knowledge with other world transport professionals and play a part in contributing towards the improvement of urban transport.

Land Transport Gallery

In 2008, LTA set up the Land Transport Gallery to showcase the development of Singapore’s land transport system since 1945. This Gallery serves to promote better awareness of the intricacies and challenges of land transport policies and encourages exchange of ideas to improve land transport development. Over the one year, more than 30,000 local and international visitors have visited the Gallery. Through various engagement efforts, we hope to build greater ownership of the land transport system with Singaporeans.


“Singapore has adopted tough but successful transport policies, which are well regarded worldwide…”

- Tony Ridley, Professor of Transport Engineering at London’s Imperial College

Lessons Learned

 What are the impact of your initiative and the lessons learned?
Our achievements over the years cover a wide spectrum of land transport development. Many of these initiatives have garnered both local and international recognition. The notable ones are as follow:

1998
– Electronic Road Pricing
National IT Award for the pervasive and creative use of information technology both in its internal operations and in its services to the public.

2003
– ONE.MOTORING & Enhanced Integrated Fare System
CIO Asia Award for the initiatives to deliver service excellence through the strategic use of IT.

2005
– Driverless Rapid Transit System: North-East Line
CIO Asia Award for the world’s first Integrated Supervisory Control System for a driverless rapid transit system.

2006
– e-Services @ ONE.MOTORING
National Infocomm Merit Award for the most innovative use of Infocomm Technology in the public sector.

2007
– Road Safety
Prince Michael Safety Award (UK) for outstanding achievements in its collaborative efforts in promoting road safety through innovations in engineering and active public education.

– VR-10 eGame and Youth Outreach Programme
International Association of Public Transport (UITP) Youth Award, Grand Public Prize (Helsinki) – ‘Improving Mobility of Young People’.

2008
– Intelligent Transport System
Winner of National Infocomm Award for the most innovative use of Infocomm Technology in public sector

– F1 Singapore Grand Prix (First Night Race)
Professional MotorSport World Expo 2008 Award - MotorSport Facility of the Year Award (Germany) for integrating the circuit layout to the surrounding bustling city atmosphere.

– Geographical Information System (GIS@LTA)
Environmental Systems Research Institute (US) Special Achievement Award for outstanding use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology.

– Construction Safety
Royal Society for the Prevention of Accident Award (Silver), UK, for high level of safety performance underpinned by good management systems that delivers consistent improvements.

Moving Forward

Since 1996, LTA has delivered on many of its goals. But the next 10 to 15 years will be more challenging: a growing population, expanding economy and the public’s higher expectations will test our mettle to make public transport predominant, manage congestion and meet the many needs of our people.

These goals are achievable and essential to the long-term, overall success of Singapore and our economy. With this in mind, we embarked on a comprehensive Land Transport Review in October 2006. We solicited and benefited from contributions from a broad spectrum of people including students, workers, employers, commuters, transport operators, ordinary Singaporeans and experts; at home and abroad.

“ The culmination of this effort is a Land Transport Masterplan 2020 that strives to make Singapore a great city to live, work and play in. This calls for major changes to vastly improve our land transport system. It is a plan to build and develop a more people-centred land transport system that is technologically intelligent, yet engagingly human.

Ultimately, our aim is for a land transport system that places people at its heart. This requires a continual process of planning and adjustments as our economy and society will change over time. In doing so, we will plan with our people firmly in mind and actively engage the community in shaping transport policies and plan. ”

Mr Raymond Lim
Minister of Transport
Singapore

Contact Information

Institution Name:   Land Transport Authority
Institution Type:   Government Agency  
Contact Person:   Gin Howe Goh
Title:   Deputy Director  
Telephone/ Fax:  
Institution's / Project's Website:  
E-mail:   gin_howe_goh@lta.gov.sg  
Address:  
Postal Code:  
City:  
State/Province:  
Country:   Singapore

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