Transforming an Open Dump into Sanitary Landfill, An Environmental Initiative in Dhaka City.
Dhaka City Corporation
Bangladesh

The Problem

Dhaka City Corporation in association with Japan International Technical Cooperation (JICA) has formulated Clean Dhaka Master Plan (2005-2015) on solid waste management. One of the priority recommendations of the master plan, is to improve the waste disposal system. Matuail is the only official dumping site in Dhaka, which consists of an area of about 40 hectare, out of which on an area of 20 hectare; a15 years old open dumping is situated. Upgrading this crude dump site into sanitary landfill was a very challenging task. Matuail landfill site at Dhaka posed such a challenge. From the very beginning the existing disposal site had been used as crude dumping of solid wastes. All types of solid wastes were haphazardly disposed of all over the site. The existing drainage channels of the dumping ground were not operational due to blockage by indiscriminate waste dumping. A large amount of leachate oozing out from wastes mixed up with storm water made the site aesthetically very displeasing, and environmentally unsound. This adverse situation sometimes caused internal flooding of the roads and disrupted the movement of the waste transporting trucks. As a result, the operation of solid waste disposal at Matuail used to become extremely difficult during and immediately after rainfalls. As the waste was dumped in an unplanned way and sometimes over the embankment; during the rainy season, the leachate was draining out to the nearby lands polluting the fishery and agriculture fields. The bad smell from the site caused an obnoxious situation in and around two to three km areas.

Solution and Key Benefits

 What is the initiative about? (the solution)
Matuail Sanitary Landfill is the first sanitary landfill in Bangladesh. It was a 15 years old dump site, surrounded by agriculture field, fishery & housing. Due to crude dumping, the common scenario of the dumpsite was confined with huge vectors, bad smell, water pollution due to uncontrolled leachate discharge, air pollution etc. After the intervention, a tremendous improvement has been observed. Now smell is less, vectors are reduced, leachate is controlled, and surrounding environment is improved significantly due to controlled and scientific disposal of waste. After rehabilitation of the old dumpsite, the land filling capacity of the almost closed existing landfill has been increased for five years and the extended part of the landfill has secured capacity for another 30 years. From the environmental and socio-economic point of view, the project has contributed significantly for the inhabitants of the surrounding area. Due to scarcity of land for waste disposal and the high price of land in and around the city, the rehabilitation of the existing landfill has added positive value in terms of its cost-benefit proposition and environmental benefits.
During the design and implementation stages many innovative aspects were considered which were suitable to the local context and achieved the required results. Some of these aspects are described below.
(1) Much old waste was excavated in order to reform the slopes, make space for administrative area construction, and develop internal road network. The excavated old waste was used for cover material. This aided DCC very much because of the high purchase and transport costs associated with the import of cover materials to the site.
(2) The haphazard waste dumping was transformed to planned waste disposal through the preparation of the waste disposal platforms, monitoring of amounts of arriving wastes and increasing the skills of the DCC officials. This planned waste disposal ensured the smooth operation at the site, better working conditions and less impact to the surrounding environment.
(3) Working conditions at the landfill is very difficult and risky. The Project greatly improved the working conditions at the landfill through preparation of the operation and management manual, provision of safety gears, holding of training workshops to the staff, provision of first aid equipment at the site and arrangement of medical checkups for the landfill staffs.
(4) The socioeconomic conditions in Bangladesh attract many people to engage in waste picking activities. There are around 200 waste pickers engaged at the landfill. The waste pickers’ working conditions have significantly improved with the introduction of planned operations, stationing of trained waste instructors to control the operation of the heavy equipments and waste trucks un-loading, and planned implementation of a registration system for t he waste pickers.
(5) DCC is not different from other developing cities where financial constraints affect the quality of services. Bearing this in mind, the costs incurred in the introduced system were kept at a level that would not create an excessive burden for DCC, both during development and operation. Local materials were used in the development, and easy to operate treatment systems were adopted.

Actors and Stakeholders

 Who proposed the solution, who implemented it and who were the stakeholders?
The project was one of the priority programmes of the Clean Dhaka Master Plan prepared for the improvement of solid waste management situation of Dhaka City.

Dhaka City Corporation implemented the project through its Project Implementation Unit (PIU) with the technical guidance of the experts of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) dispatched Experts during the planning and design stage.




The major stakeholders of the project were:

1. The People’s Republic of Bangladesh
The Project is the first Sanitary Landfill of its kind in Bangladesh. It is therefore become a model project for the whole country, and holds a good prospect for multiplying the model to other big cities of Bangladesh through transferring of knowledge, technology and practice.
2. Dhaka City Corporation (DCC)
DCC is responsible for the solid waste management of Dhaka City. This landfill site is 15 years old open dump which has been converted into sanitary landfill thus control the environmental pollution of the surrounding areas from the solid wastes.
3. The Dhaka citizens
Dhaka City has a population of over 12 million, generating about 3500 tons waste daily. The people of Dhaka city are enjoying clean and healthy environment due to the implementation of the project.
4. The Villages surrounding the landfill
There are four villages within 1 km distance from the Matuail landfill, namely Kazla, Kazla South, Sharifpara and Mridharbari, with a total population of around 20,000. These residents are engaged in agriculture and fishery activities. The Project has stopped the pollution of the surrounding surface water bodies by the leachate generated from the landfill, and thereby support the residents’ economic activities. Moreover, the aesthetic of the landfill site has been improved dramatically and air pollution has been reduced significantly. The overall environmental condition has been improved to a greater extent and the villagers are now relieved of the obnoxious odour.

(a) Strategies

 Describe how and when the initiative was implemented by answering these questions
 a.      What were the strategies used to implement the initiative? In no more than 500 words, provide a summary of the main objectives and strategies of the initiative, how they were established and by whom.
The major objective of the project is:
Reversing the worst aesthetic environmental and operational conditions to a sustainable and environmental friendly waste disposal system in the most densely populated city with acute shortage of land area.

The specific objectives are as follows:
(1) To transform the existing dump site into a sanitary landfill for decreasing the environmental pollution generated from the disposal activities.
(2) To develop a new sanitary landfill for future use in the extended part
(3) To improve the control and operational practice of landfilling through provision of sufficient facilities and equipments
(4) Improve the working conditions at the site including safety
(5) Improve the aesthetics of the landfill site through pleasant landscaping including plantation and turfing.


Prior to the development activities of the project, Matuail was an open dump site, receiving about 1,800 tons of municipal wastes daily. The crude waste disposal practice at that time resulted in environmental pollution of the surrounding area including water pollution, air pollution, obnoxious odour problem and drainage congestion. Also the DCC staff worked at the site under very poor and unhealthy working conditions. And this condition also affected the health of the waste pickers’ active in the site.
The Project has addressed all these issues and taken the following strategies:
1) Monitoring of waste load arrivals at the site and landfilling in a planned way.
2) Improvement of generated leachate quality, and its proper collection and treatment.
3) Establishment of proper storm water drainage system
4) Decrease in the amount of generated methane in the landfill.
5) Provision for soil cover on waste in order to combat vectors, waste scattering and odour
6) Putting in place the necessary facilities and equipments to implement environmental monitoring during the landfill operations
7) Preparing the plan to register waste pickers at the landfill and improve their working conditions

(b) Implementation

 b.      What were the key development and implementation steps and the chronology? No more than 500 words
The total area of the landfill is about 40 hectares, half of which is a 15-year old dumping site. The project called for (1) conversion of the existing 20 hectares old dumping site into a sanitary landfill and (2) development of a new sanitary landfill at the newly acquired 20 hectares land. The design for the rehabilitation and new extension followed the semi-aerobic landfill system developed by Fukuoka University of Japan. This system permits the rapid degradation and stabilization of the solid wastes, decrease in the methane gas generation, improvement of the leachate quality and reduction in fire hazard.


The main activities are briefly summarized as follows:
a. Conversion of existing dump site into a multi-stage sanitary landfill

(1) Layout planning of landfill facilities (control building, weighbridge, heavy equipment sheds, monitoring and recording facilities etc.)
(2) Land development for internal access roads
(3) Design and construction/installation of administrative/operational facilities
(4) Establishment of side slope of waste dump
(5) Installation of leachate collection and landfill gas vent system
(6) Construction of boundary storm water drainage system
(7) Establishment of semi-aerobic system of solid waste stabilization
(8) Construction of waste disposal platforms
(9) Excavation of old wastes for use as cover materials
(10) Construction of electrical sub-station and flood lights
(11) Installation of monitoring wells
(12) Installation of water supply and sanitation system

b. Construction of a new sanitary landfill in the extended area

(1) Development of four blocks for waste disposal (including natural bottom impermeable layers and embankment)
(2) Construction of road pavement and permanent platform for waste disposal
(3) Construction of bed level leachate collection network including leachate pumping pits.
(4) Construction of aerated lagoons for leachate treatment


The chronological development of the project:

2005: The Clean Dhaka Master Plan was prepared by DCC and JICA. The M/P prepared the preliminary plan for this Project.
2006: The planning and design of the Matuail landfill were done.
2006-2007: Construction was undertaken to (1) convert the existing crude dumping site into a sanitary landfill and (2) develop a new sanitary landfill at the extension area.
2007 October: Construction works of most of the landfill facilities were completed and inauguration of the systematic landfill operation started.
Since October 2007, the landfill has been operating as a sanitary landfill with semi-aerobic system of waste stabilization including the provision of landfill gas venting system, leachate collection system with perforated pipes, storm water drainage and disposal system, waste delivery monitoring and application of cover materials.
June 2008: Leachate treatment facilities completed.
From June 2008: The leachate treatment started with recirculation.

(c) Overcoming Obstacles

 c.      What were the main obstacles encountered? How were they overcome? No more than 500 words
A. Problems and Challenges
The project faced the following problems and challenges during its planning and implementation:
i) Total landfill area was filled up with waste, no suitable space was available for administrative and control area.
ii) All the drains were filled up with solid wastes causing severe drainage congestion. The dumped waste was vertically placed in an unstable condition and most of the places. the dumped waste occupied part of the road causing interference with the vehicular movement. During monsoon, the site was almost inundated and inaccessible. No working road was there, excavator was used to lift the waste for piling on top in an inefficient and costly manner. Fire hazard was very common in the dump site.
iii) The installation of leachate pipes at 20 feet depth by excavating the dumped waste was very challenging because sometimes the waste pile was broken down into the excavated trench and the trench was filled up with leachate and rain water.
iv) Construction of temporary road on waste was a difficult job because of the underlying soft and wet waste layer.

All the problems and challenges were carefully handled by expert guidance of the consultants and close supervision of DCC engineers. DCC now operate the site properly as a sanitary landfill. DCC should ensure that the necessary human and financial resources are always available for this purpose. This requires short term as well as long term planning and preparations. DCC also has to implement environmental monitoring to ensure that the landfill disposal is proceeding well.

(d) Use of Resources

 d.      What resources were used for the initiative and what were its key benefits? In no more than 500 words, specify what were the financial, technical and human resources’ costs associated with this initiative. Describe how resources were mobilized
The total Project cost is about 7 million US$ which has been allocated through Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) as the Japan Debt Cancellation Fund (JDCF).

The activities undertaken and respective fund allocations are shown below:
Activity Allocated Funds ( in US$)
1. Transforming the existing dump site into sanitary landfill
(1) - Preparation of administrative area (Old waste removal and base preparation) 907142
- Control Building 142857
- Weighbridge 75714
- Heavy equipments shed 187142
- Small laboratory 4285
- Others (Toilet, guard room) 10000
(2) Internal roads 300000
(3) Waste slopes formation 28571
(4) Leachate and landfill gas pipe networks
- Leachate system 785713
- Landfill gas system 728571
(5) Waste disposal platform 80000
(6) Old waste excavation, storage and soil cover 285714
(7) Substation and Flood lights 571428
(8) Establish monitor wells 714
(9) Site fencing and gates 17142
(10) Others (office furniture, landscaping etc.) 10000
2. Extension of the new landfill area
(1) Development of four waste disposal blocks with peripheral leachate pipes 2000000
(2) Development of two leachate ponds 114285
(3) Provision of aeration for the leachate treatment 214285
(4) Develop access roads 71428
(5) Others 7142
3. Other Costs
(1) Engineering cost 21428
(2) Management cost 21428
Total 6584988

Sustainability and Transferability

  Is the initiative sustainable and transferable?
Sustainability of the project
The project was inaugurated on October 2007 for full scale operation. Since then the landfill has been operating as a sanitary landfill with semi-aerobic system of waste stabilization including the provision of landfill gas venting system, leachate collection system with perforated pipes, storm water drainage and disposal system, waste delivery monitoring and application of soil cover materials.
DCC is realizing the operation and maintence of the project from its annual revenue budget. Landfill Management Unit (LMU) of Waste Management Department (WMD) of DCC is in charge of the operation & maintenance.
The capacity building through the project, the establishment of LMU & the allocation of required operational budget by DCC ensures the sustainability of the project.

The Matuail Sanitary Landfill is the first of its kind in all of Bangladesh. Bearing this in mind DCC has made efforts to make known to other municipal authorities in the country about the activities of the landfill. These efforts have taken various forms of arranging site visits for officials of other municipalities and central government, holding seminars and workshops, and maintaining documented records of the development and operation, including DVDs.
Already 2-3 other city corporations in Bangladesh have indicated plans to develop their own sanitary landfills in the model of Matuail LF and DCC has been requested to provide technical and other advices to them.

The transfer of technology and institutional building is achieved through the project:


Technology

This is the first sanitary landfill in Bangladesh. The JICA landfill expert and the BUET consultant was involved in planning, design and implementation phase. The Semi-aerobic system of waste stabilization of Fukuoka University of Japan was adopted. Gravity drainage of leachate and storm water was introduced for separate management of leachate and rainwater. Aerated lagoons with recirculation facilities were introduced for leachate treatment. Simple and low cost technologies, local materials and local expertise were involved in landfill construction which ensures easy transfer of technology and sustainability.


Design, Planning and Management

The planning was carried out with the assistance of JICA experts. The design was done by BUET Consultants and the construction was carried out by local contractors under the supervision of DCC engineers. The LMU is responsible for the management of the operation and maintenance of all the landfill facilities. JICA experts assisted to develop the capacity of the LMU staff.

Capacity Development

DCC lacked the knowledge to operate the landfill site at the beginning. Training was held for the LMU staff, Operational Manual was prepared and regular briefings are given at the site which develops an institutional structure for regular operation and monitoring activities.

Organizational arrangement

To operate and maintain the constructed landfill facilities properly, a Landfill Management Unit (LMU) has been formed under the Waste Management Division of the DCC. LMU has been staffed with the needed manpower and the required heavy equipment is being provided.
The project is well appraised and appreciated by the policy makers. It has opened up a window as a research field for the academic and research institutions. The dissemination of information of the landfill through organizing visits, seminars and technical workshops has gained attention of the officials of other municipalities and the central government. The visits of the donor agencies and professionals of neighboring countries have created opportunity for its replication to other countries.

Lessons Learned

 What are the impact of your initiative and the lessons learned?
The direct outcome and impacts of the project are as follows:

a) Waste management system and operational conditions of the landfill have tremendously improved due to the construction of control building, weighbridges, car wash pool, water supply and sanitation facilities, working road and platform, lighting facilities for night time operation and installation of monitoring and recording facilities.
b) Environmental conditions have been greatly improved due to the construction of leachate collection, gas venting system and surface drainage.
c) Leachate accumulation and drainage congestion have been eliminated.
d) Odour, fire hazard and fly breeding have been reduced.
e) Quality of surface water around the landfill site has significantly improved [BOD level has reduced from 380mg/l on 14.o1.07 to 1mg/l on 15.08.07.
f) Aesthetic condition of the site has been drastically improved due to the waste slope reformation (1:3), landscaping, grass turfing and plantation.
g) The service life of the existing dump site has been greatly extended by the proposed multi-stage landfill system (total height 20 m). This type of land-saving project is very much needed as land is extremely scare and costly in and around Dhaka City.



The Indirect impacts/secondary effects of the Project can be stated as follows:

a) The Project has raised the awareness of central government officials on the need for sanitary landfill of the wastes
b) The media coverage that accompanied the implementation and inauguration of this Project raised the awareness of the general public on solid waste management in general
c) The DCC personnel especially the landfill instructors and heavy equipment operators are encouraged to carry out their duties spontaneously due to having improved aesthetic, environmental and operational conditions of the landfill site.
d) Significant reduction of environmental pollution has created opportunity for diversified and better use of the surrounding land area.
e) The workers at the landfill site are provided safety gears such as hand gloves, long boots and gas masks for their personal safety resulting in reduction of occupational and health hazards.
f) Since this is the first sanitary landfill in Bangladesh, national companies and research institutes gained practical experience in planning, design and construction of sanitary landfill. It is expected that this practical experience will be employed in other cities of Bangladesh to construct landfills
g) It will create an excellent opportunity for the over-crowded city dwellers of Dhaka Metropolitan area to develop a recreational facility at the landfill site after its closure.

During the implementation of the project, many valuable lessons were learned :

a) Optimum utilization of existing landfill site in order to avoid difficulties in finding new site for landfill.
b) Low cost technologies and locally available materials are to be used for development of the landfill facilities for ensuring sustainability of the development works.
c) Consultation with the field level officials and workers to include their reasonable ideas and suggestions in planning, design and operation of landfill facilities.
d) Expert guidance by local consultants and close supervision by engineers are essential to solve the peculiar local problems and challenges confronted during implementation of the project.
e) Consultation with the local people to accommodate their pragmatic views into the project.
f) Regular training of the landfill staff to enhance their skill is essential for proper management of the landfill site.
g) Regular flow of fund is a must to procure and timely maintenance of heavy landfill equipment and operates the landfill satisfactorily.
Time to time appraisal of the project activities to higher officials and related central government agencies is required for building confidence and getting continuous cooperation from their side.

Contact Information

Institution Name:   Dhaka City Corporation
Institution Type:   Government Agency  
Contact Person:   Tariq Yousuf
Title:   Project Director  
Telephone/ Fax:   +88-02-7162351
Institution's / Project's Website:   +88-02-7162351
E-mail:   tby@bangla.net  
Address:   Landfill Improvement Project, Waste Management Department, Level-13, Nagar Bhaban, Dhaka City Corporation.
Postal Code:   1000
City:   Dhaka
State/Province:   Dhaka
Country:   Bangladesh

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