Higher Education Admission System
Ministry of Higher Education – Higher Education Admission Centre
Oman

The Problem

The higher education system in Oman consists of public and private institutions. The public ones are: Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), (6) Colleges of Applied Science, (7) Colleges of Technology, and (16) Health Institutions. The private HEIs are: (5) universities and (19) university colleges. In addition the government awards scholarships for students to study abroad.
The Ministry of Higher Education designed and established in 2006 an electronic system where students could apply on line to higher education institutes with ease and comfort to all of those who were involved. A directorate was established at The Ministry of Higher Education fully financed by the Ministry called The Higher Education Admission Center (HEAC).

Prior to the HEAC system, each Higher Education Institute (HEI) in Oman had an admission center with its own employees and admissions requirements where students’ applications were processed manually. Every year, after the final results of the secondary school examination were announced, thousands of students and their parents had to travel long distances to apply for a seat in a certain program of study in a government higher education institute by filling an application form and submitting their hard copy of the original transcript of the Secondary School Examination (SSE) results (or equivalent such as IB, AP, IGCDE ).The idea behind submitting the original certificate was to limit each eligible student to one offer.

Issues
1) Students could not apply for more than one institution at one time and had to wait about 10 days for their application results from each institution. Those students who were not accepted in one institution had to withdraw their documents including the original examination transcript and apply to another institution and restart the process again.

2) The HEIs also suffered as the employees at the admission centers in these institutions had to process thousands of applications, declare the results and distribute the accepted students over programs according to each program pre-assigned number of seats. All of this was done in a limited period of time. This process put employees in each and every institution under severe stress.

3) The Ministry of Education also suffered as every student who passed The Secondary School Examination (or equivalent) was required to get a hard copy of his examination transcript to be able to apply to the government higher education institutes. So there were long queues of students at The Ministry of Education waiting to receive their hard copy of their transcript after The Secondary School Examination results were released. Moreover, some of HEIs have to delay the beginning of their academic year because of this process.

4) Human error in manually writing down student’s average and other information from the student’s manuscript into the HEI documents.

5) There was no transparency in the way in which the HEIs selected their students. Rather the students could not understand why they were accepted or rejected in an institution. This resulted in many appeal cases. In 2006/2007 just before the implementation of the HEAC system, there were 3000 appeal cases most of them were about the unfairness in the admission process.

6) Selecting students according to their general percentage average regardless of the program of study requirements which resulted in significant numbers of students’ failure and drop-outs.

7) No unified “table of transformation”’ was available to convert non-Omani certificate grades and points into weighted percentage averages to compete with the Ministry of Education students. Rather, it was left to each institution to evaluate such grades and points manually and as they like.

Solution and Key Benefits

 What is the initiative about? (the solution)
The strategy of HEAC was to develop an electronic system programmed in such a way that students could apply for up to 30 different programs of study offered by HEIs using the internet or SMS text messages using their mobile telephones which almost every student or parent had one and hence no need to travel to submit an application or to submit more than one application
The benefits of the HEAC system can be categorized into social, administrative, Psychological and Economic which will be illustrated briefly as follows:

Social:
 Equity for all students in a transparent application process, the student can now know what program he is eligible to apply for. Also, he is able to see from the system the reason why he could not make the mark of the program, example there are better qualified applicants that filled the quota of the course. As a result, the number of appeal dropped from 3000 in 2006/2007 (before implementation of HEAC) to 214 in 2007/2008 to 48 in 2008/2009 and 12 in 2009/2010.
 Students can register through the HEAC system and submit their applications from anywhere in Oman or abroad through different mechanisms, including SMS text messages or via the web. An interactive voice recording module will be available son.
 Students have the opportunity to apply before and after they receive their exam results which give them more time to decide on what is the best suitable program for them.
 Increases the number of disadvantage students, from rural areas, to get scholarships especially female. Before, students in the rural areas needs to travel which can be costly.

Administrative:
The centre system:
 Eliminates queues for submitting applications at registration offices in different HEIs.
 Reduces administrative practices and paper work for HEI registration staff. This in turns reduces cost and effort.
 Provides accurate and immediate information as the information are real time on line.
 Creates an opportunity to compare student enrolment intakes among the HEIs; and provides other accurate statistics which was difficult to get when there were no centralized system.

Psychological:
The centre:
 Provides information on HEI programs in one document or location, this raise students’ confidence in their choices.
 Provides students a friendly environment in which to select their programs in HEIs by using the Internet and SMS systems.
 Gives students the opportunity to choose their HEI programs both before and after they
receive their exam results, thereby providing them adequate time to consult teachers, friends and parents.

Economic:
The HEAC system:
 Reduces transportation and traveling costs for students in repeatedly traveling to apply and
register at different HEIs. This is very substantial as some students from the remote areas are from under privileged family. Every year there are around 20000 new applicants for the HEIs, on the national level, it is a lot of cost saved.
 Reduces the number of committees and staff required during the application and registration period at all HEIs.
 Saves time for students and parents during the application and registration periods at HEIs, they no longer need to wait and go from 1 institution to another. If we based on 10 days an Institution, a student can only apply to no more than 3 institution in the given admission period.

Actors and Stakeholders

 Who proposed the solution, who implemented it and who were the stakeholders?
When the flaws in the old system was uncovered a team from The Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) visited several countries which had relevant admission systems during 2004. The team after the visits was able to produce a proposal of an electronic application for admission which was discussed and approved by the concerned staff at the Ministry Of Higher Education
The proposal was then submitted to The Higher Education Council for approval and it was approved and the task of developing the system was assigned to MOHE. A Royal Decree No. 104/2005 was issued to establish the Higher Education Admission Center, followed by a ministerial mandate issued by the MOHE which formed the Foundation Committee for the HEAC whose members represented all higher education institutes
A local IT company started programming the proposed electronic system at the beginning of 2005 after receiving the system requirements documented by HEAC staff

(a) Strategies

 Describe how and when the initiative was implemented by answering these questions
 a.      What were the strategies used to implement the initiative? In no more than 500 words, provide a summary of the main objectives and strategies of the initiative, how they were established and by whom.
A lot of consideration was taken in during implementation. One is to ensure the ease of use, a survey was done with the user and 97.8% of the users felt that it was a user friendly system. SMS was also chosen as one of the medium of registration. This is the easiest way to reach the users as not everyone has a computer in Oman. With mobile phone penetration rate at around 140% in the country, SMS application can reach the critical mass of users. Also with SMS there are little user training needed as compared to other medium.

MoHE and HEAC also prepares the ground way in advance training the Grade 11 and 12 students in school before they actually graduate so that they will not be unfamiliar with the system when it is due time to use it.

(b) Implementation

 b.      What were the key development and implementation steps and the chronology? No more than 500 words
The key development and implementation steps and the chronology
- For the purpose of designing a successful admission system a team from The Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) visited several countries which had relevant admission systems during 2004. The team after the visits was able to produce a proposal of an electronic application for admission which was discussed and approved by the concerned staff at the Ministry Of Higher Education
- The proposal was then submitted to The Higher Education Council for approval and it was approved and the task of developing the system was assigned to MOHE. A Royal Decree No. 104/2005 was issued to establish the Higher Education Admission Center, followed by a ministerial mandate issued by the MOHE which formed the Foundation Committee for the HEAC whose members represented all higher education institutes
- A local IT company started programming the proposed electronic system at the beginning of 2005 after receiving the system requirements documented by HEAC staff
- Towards the end of 2005, HEAC distributed student’s handbook to all schools with full details of available courses (programs) and how to apply to the HEAC and at the same time it started a huge awareness campaign.
- An ongoing process of testing the system was adopted where HEAC staff and some experts from various higher education institutes were involved in the testing process and gave immediate feedback. This was done during 2005-2006.
- The HEAC e-system was launched on the first of April 2006 under the auspices of the Minister of Manpower and attended by other ministers, undersecretaries, employees from concerned ministries, representatives of higher education institutes, and many students and parents.
- It was unthinkable that the system should be exposed to the threats of infiltration. Any tampering with HEAC data would lead to the most serious consequences. For this reason, a local company was contracted with to propose an infrastructure solution and provide consultancy services for information security management system and a very well secured system was implemented.
- As mobile phone usage is widespread, adopting SMS messaging to apply to higher education is an alternative tool for countries experiencing challenges with providing internet services. HEAC in its second year pioneered in introducing the SMS messaging services in its system.
- In the second year too, a service data exchange portal was established between HEAC and the HEIs, Ministry of Social Development, and all secondary schools which have students in the 12 grade (so that schools can follow students’ registration and allocation).
- A disaster recovery system (DRS) was implemented during 2008 so that student could register through this system and data could be recovered in case the main system encounters any problem.
- Interactive Voice Recording module to be implemented in 2010.

(c) Overcoming Obstacles

 c.      What were the main obstacles encountered? How were they overcome? No more than 500 words
Challenges that were encounter during the implantation of the system
The following issues were taken into consideration and resolved during the implementation of the HEAC initiative:
1. Fear of technology and skeptical attitudes about new processes.
Over a number of years students and their parents had to travel to each higher education institution to submit separate paper applications, and then they suddenly had to deal with an electronic system. Many of them were afraid to handle electronic services; others suspected the accuracy of the system and especially the allocation process. To overcome this, HEAC established a user friendly system for students to submit their applications with ease; and made sure that applicants were treated equally and fairly in a highly transparent process and started an intensive awareness campaign through different mass media and through seminars and lectures launched by HEAC at different regions of the Sultanate where students and their guardians were invited to attend the demonstration on the allocation (admission) process.
Furthermore, a group of employees in the Ministry of High Education and HEIs rejected the initiative mainly because they were afraid of any system that is new, electronic, and modern and thought that they might not be able to cope with it. Due to elaboration provided by HEAC to the HEIs and due to the ease in dealing with the system, and after witnessing the process of allocations, they accepted the system and asked to be involved in its activities.

2. Different marking criteria.
A major obstacle encountered was how to deal with different students secondary school examinations results and certificates. For example, some Omani students sat for The International Baccalaureate (IB) with points as its scoring system, while others sat for The Advanced Placement Exam with different points scoring system, other students sat for GCE exams (A & AS levels) with its grading systems in addition to students enrolled in Oman secondary schools and Omani students Studying in different Gulf Countries each with its own independent grading system. So, the new e-system had to cope with all of these different exams and different marks and grading systems. This was pains taking but with the wise judgment of academics, experts of the HEAC ,and representatives of The Ministry of Education , an internal mapping table (transformation table) was designed and then implemented and thus the admission based on this mapping was carried out successfully in a fair and transparent process.
3. Not every student had a home computer.
Since not every student had a home computer, computer labs at HEIs, and schools were made available for students during the application periods with the support of the Ministry of Education and HEIs. Therefore, 500 centers were allocated to provide support and internet access to all students in every part of the country.
Moreover, HEAC implemented SMS text messages to communicate with the system if students had difficulties in using computers and the internet. Using this service, students can access 23 different services – from general information to the application process itself. The HEAC system is one of the first of its kind in the world where students could apply for admission in HEIs using SMS text messages which is fully automated and completely user-friendly.

(d) Use of Resources

 d.      What resources were used for the initiative and what were its key benefits? In no more than 500 words, specify what were the financial, technical and human resources’ costs associated with this initiative. Describe how resources were mobilized
To support the HEAC system, a team of 28 people were selected and trained. The team is also supported by private vendors with 2 personnel.

Technical resources
To fulfill the critical requirement of having a highly secure infrastructure to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the HEAC online information, the MoHE implemented a design that provides total protection at multiple levels. The multi-layered security architecture is very important to protect the online applications/websites from different layers of Internet threats. Each layer of these threats needs a specialized layer of protection to maximize security.
The following summarizes the setup:
First Layer Firewall and IPS:
Hides the internal network from Internet
Provides the first layer of protection
Includes:
Gateway-level Firewall
VPN
Protects against network and application protocols attacks/intrusions
Analyzes the behavior of the protected system to detect and prevent any malicious activities (backdoors)
Passive and active vulnerability assessment of the protected applications and operating systems
Highly accurate intrusion prevention and reporting
Second Layer Firewall: Web Application Firewall:
Protects the website application from advanced application-specific attacks. This is possible because the web application firewall integrates with the application (ASP.NET in this case) and understands the actual context of the application communication.
Provides continuous application vulnerability assessment and protection recommendation for continuous security enhancement
Intelligent load-balancing of web application sessions to ensure continuous availability all the time
Server Level Endpoint Security:
Powerful Antivirus to protect against viruses, spyware, Trojans, worms etc.
Host level Intrusion Prevention System for protection against new threats
Email Security:
Blocks more than 99 percent of spam at the email gateway
Provides protection against viruses, spyware, and Trojans in both inbound and outbound email
Enforces acceptable email use and prevents information leakage
Reporting and monitoring
Web Security:
Inspects and secures web traffic against spyware, viruses, adware and other potentially unwanted applications
bi-directional traffic inspection of both requests and responses for malicious content, unwanted applications and acceptable use compliance
Provides productivity filtering against 54 categories that sort websites according to their content
Automatically detects and blocks anonymzing proxies, preventing users from bypassing filter controls

Disaster recovery
Data are back-up regularly, Hot backup was used since it would be a virtual image of our current data center and can be brought up immediately to full production in case of the main system stopped for any reason.
A Disaster Recovery Site is also been considered currently.

Total financial investment to the project is about OMR200,000 or US$520,000.

Sustainability and Transferability

  Is the initiative sustainable and transferable?
Oman has a very young population with closed to 1million still in school. Every year there are about 20000 new students moving from grade schools to HEIs, this will continue to be the trend for many years to come.

Education has always been an important focus of the Sultanate. It is very important to nurture the younger generation to ensure that they are well educated and prepared to face the challenges in the global economy. As such the government will carry on supporting the effort. This initiative in the long run saves resources for the country and also ensure that the most valuable resource of the country, it’s youth, are provided the most appropriate education program in accordance to their strength and interest. This reduce wastage and drop out.

Since its implementation, the HEAC system has won several accolades, in 2007, The Higher Education Admission Center (HEAC) electronic system was selected by the World Summit Grand Jury among nominees from 160 countries as one of the World’s Best e-content Applications in the Category e-INCLUSION and was awarded The World Summit Award as the best in e-content & Creativity for 2007.
One of the main reasons for its success was that from the very start, HEAC approach to imple¬ment the admission process was to think carefully of what was needed, to learn from the expe¬riences of others in this field, to lay down accurate and detailed plans to implement it taking into considerations the present and future requirements and needs of all the stakehold¬ers

Lessons Learned

 What are the impact of your initiative and the lessons learned?
The most important impact is in the increase in transparency of the admission process, The system has given students the confident that they are fairly placed in the program that best suits them and also based on merits, this was clearly shown in the drastic dropped in the number of appeal case immediately after the system was implemented, the number of appeal dropped from 3000 in 2006/2007 (before implementation of HEAC) to 214 in 2007/2008 to 48 in 2008/2009 and 12 in 2009/2010.

Next is the reduction in the number of dropped out from HEIs. This is because in the previous system, HEIs depended on the total average of examination marks.
Subject Examination mark
Student A Student B
Physics 75 91
Chemistry 80 85
Biology 80 85
History 96 75
Arabic 80 80
English 70 80
Fine Arts 98 70
Islamic Study 95 80
Total 744 736
Average of examination marks 82.7 81.8
HEAC’s weighted (calculated) average=
((Average of all examination marks)*40%) +
((Average of program requirements examination marks)*60%) 77.8 85.9

If 2 students, A and B studied the same subjects and they are eligible to apply to an engineering program which requires good command of math, physics and chemistry. Suppose that the cutoff mark of this program in HEI was 82.0. Student A is accepted in this program but student B is not because the HEI considers their average examination marks only, although student A’s marks in Math, Physics, Chemistry and English may be less than student B. This case had lead to the following:
Lecturers’ difficulty to cope with both types of students present in the same classroom.
Substantial number of failures and drop outs of students weak in math, physics and chemistry .
students repeating certain courses and thus wasting resources.

Student’s weighted average (student’s score):
With the new system, student’s acceptance is based on student’s weighted average (score). If we take an example, the weighted average of student A is 77.8 while that of student B is 85.9. Suppose that the cutoff of this program in HEI was 83.0, in this case the system gives offer for student B but not for student A. This case will lead to the following:
Students will be of almost the same level of abilities and this will improve the teaching-learning process.
Small number of failures and drop outs.
Less wastage of resources

Moreover, the 10th grade students are now aware of what type of subjects can they select to study in order to join suitable programs in HEI. Furthermore the system cares for students under welfare scheme and low-income students. They are given scholarships from government to study in private HEIs inside Oman and thus helping such students to get higher education and at the same time helps HEIs financially, and this acts towards good quality of education.

In addition the system gives training in how to use some of the electronic facilities like how to register through the HEAC electronic system and submit electronic application to study in HEIs, also how to use website and other IT facilities. Furthermore, the system trains the trainers from MOE schools on how to use IT to access the Website, how to get the e-application and fill it electronically, how to set the login and password and how to download the electronic student guide book, how to fill their preferences of programs electronically. Then these trainers train the 12 grades students in these IT activities and hence this experience will be transferred and utilized in the students University learning activities.

The most important lesson learned is to think through the process and get all stakeholders like the HEIs, admission and relevant organization that were involved to participate in the design process. Most importantly, it is the input from the user and consideration from their prospective.

Contact Information

Institution Name:   Ministry of Higher Education – Higher Education Admission Centre
Institution Type:   Government Agency  
Contact Person:   Tareq Al Balushi
Title:   Deputy Director IT  
Telephone/ Fax:  
Institution's / Project's Website:  
E-mail:   tariq@heac.gov.om  
Address:  
Postal Code:  
City:  
State/Province:  
Country:   Oman

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